Abstract

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been found to be particularly vulnerable to climate change and temperature variability. This study aimed to assess the extent to which human-induced climate change contributes to future heat-related CVD burdens. Methods Daily data on CVD mortality and temperature were collected in 161 Chinese communities from 2007 to 2013. The association between heat and CVD mortality was established using a two-stage time-series design. Under the natural forcing, human-induced, and combined scenarios, we then separately projected excess cause-/age-/region-/educationspeci fi c mortality from future high temperature in 2010 - 2100, assuming no adaptation and population changes. Findings Under shared socioeconomic pathway with natural forcing scenario (SSP2 - 4.5 - nat), heat-related attributable fraction of CVD deaths decreased slightly from 3.3 95% empirical con fi dence interval (eCI): 0.3, 5.8 in the 2010s to 2.8% (95% eCI: 0.1, 5.2) in the 2090s, with relative change of - 0.4% (95% eCI: - 0.8, 0.0). However, for combined natural and human-induced forcings, this estimate would surge to 8.9% (95% eCI: 1.5, 15.7), 14.4% (95% eCI: 1.5, 25.3), 21.3% (95% eCI: - 0.6, 39.4), and 28.7% (95% eCI: - 3.3, 48.0) in the 2090s under SSP1 - 2.6, SSP2 - 4.5, SSP3 - 7.0, and SSP5 - 8.5 scenarios, respectively. When excluding the natural forcing, the number of humaninduced heat-related CVD deaths would increase from approximately eight thousand (accounting for 31% of total heat-related CVD deaths) in the 2010s to 33,052 (68%), 63,283 (80%), 101,091 (87%), and 141,948 (90%) in the 2090s under SSP1 - 2.6, SSP2 - 4.5, SSP3 - 7.0, and SSP5 - 8.5 scenarios, respectively. Individuals with stroke, females, the elderly, people living in rural areas, and those with lower education level would exhibit heightened susceptibility to future high temperature. In addition, Southern and Eastern regions of China were expected to experience a faster increase in heat-related attributable fraction of CVD deaths. Interpretation Human activities would signi fi cantly amplify the future burden of heat-related CVD. Our study fi ndings suggested that active adaptation and mitigation measures towards future warming could yield substantial health bene fi ts for the patients with CVD. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China. Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).