Abstract

Pregnant women will experience bleeding before 20 weeks gestation in about 20 of cases, and approximately half of these pregnancies will end in spontaneous abortion. The types of spontaneous abortion are inevitable abortion, threatened abortion, missed abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, septic abortion, and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Endocrine, immunological, genetics, anatomic abnormalities and etc. are involved as risk factors for the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion. It is known that chronic diseases, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune conditions, such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, can precipitate spontaneous abortions. Other risk factors include rapid conception after delivery, HIV infection, cervicitis, syphilis, vaginitis, and malaria. Environmental contaminants, such as arsenic and lead, are also important risk factors. The risk of spontaneous abortion increases in women with structural disorders of the uterus, such as congenital anomalies, leiomyomas, and intrauterine adhesions. To treat spontaneous abortion, it is crucial to consider the cause, severity of symptoms, and pregnancy stage. Medical, surgical, and expecting management are generally equally effective, but surgical management is preferred. It is important for physicians to be aware of psychological issues that patients and their partners face after having a spontaneous abortion. During the first year following spontaneous abortion, women are at an increased risk of serious depression and anxiety. Therefore, psychosocial support is vital to treating early pregnancy loss, especially in cases of recurrent pregnancy loss. © 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.