Abstract

Graphene derivatives (GDs) have captured the interest and imagination of pharmaceutical scientists. This review exclusively provides pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information with a special focus on biopharmaceuticals. GDs can be applied as multipurpose pharmaceutical delivery systems due to their ultra-high surface area, flexibility, and fast mobility of charge carriers. Improved effects, targeted delivery to tissues, controlled release profiles, visualization of biodistribution and clearance, and overcoming drug resistance are examples of the benefits of GDs. This review also focused on the application of GDs for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals and some challenges on the way to the commercialization of GDs were discussed.